Fluid mosaic model

 

63 most important topics ...must prepared for XII (Biology) 2024-25

 1.   Polymerase chain reaction 

(Full process) 

2. Human Genome project.

3. Gel Electrophoresis process.

4. Humulin formation process with diagram.(pro insulin to insulin)

5. DNA fingerprinting process. 

6. SCID and ADA deficiency  treatment of a girl.

7. CANCER 

8. AIDS and Plasmodium life cycle. 

9. Post transcriptional modifications.

10. PBr 322 vector.

11. Insertional inactivation (Beta galactosidase)

12. Chromosomal theory of inheritance .

13. RNA interference mechanism.

14. Down,klinefelter and turner syndrome .

15. Lac operon.(with diagram)

16. Sewage treatment plant.(process)

17. Bio active molecules, enzymes functions ( Microbes in human welfare)

18. Biofertilisers.

19. Bio control agents.

20. Biogas plant.

21. Replication,transcription and translation process in detail 

22. Genetic code.

23. Transgenic animals and plants examples.

24. Bt cotton mechanism.

25. Logistic and exponential Growth curve and equation.

26. Species Area relationship and graph.

27. Decomposition factors.

28. In situ and Ex situ conservation with examples

29. Human diseases pathogens and symptoms.

30. Immunity and types in detail

31. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

32. Types of biodiversity and causes of its loss ( Evil Quartet) 

33. Pyramids of Ecosystem

34. Pyramids of Population

35. Pyramids of natural selection

36. Mono hybrid,di hybrid,incomplete dominance,pleiotropy,codominance ,test cross,back cross.Multiple allelism,polygenic inheritance with examples.

37. Theories of evolution (Lamarck, Darwin’s ,hugo de vries)

38. Hershey's chase experiment.

39. Meselson and stahl experiment.

40. Griffith experiment.

41. Drosophila and morgan experiment. (Linkage and recombination)

42. Charging of t RNA. Before translation.

43. Enzymes of biotechnology (functions ).

44.BOD,COD,bioreactors(types) 

45. Contraceptive methods(all)

46. Male and female reproductive system.

47. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

48. Structure of Antibody molecule.

49. Examples of...mutualism,co extinction,predation, parasitism, Sexual deceit etc

50. Miller urey experiment.

51. Polyembryony and Apomixis.

52. Assisted reproductive technologies.(all)

53. Rice Genome project.

54. Pedigree chart  analysis

55. Structure of DNA in detail. (Chargaff rule)

56. Convergent and divergent evolution .

57. Homologous and analogous organs with examples.

58. Darwin's finches and 

Australian marsupials (Examples of Adaptive radiation)

59. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium 

60. Genetic drift, Gene flow, types of mutations. (Frame shift and point) 

61. Stem cell technology.

62.Types of pollination with examples

63 Gene Gun,biolistic, electroporation, etc of how to make cells competent for DNA entry.

Minimum level of learning class xii (2023-24)

 

Excretory products

 

Cardiac cycle

 

OXY haemoglobin curve

 

a short piece of DNA having 20 base pairs,was analysed…..

 

ETS COMPLEXES AND IT’sCOMPONENTS

 

Zwitter ion and isoelectric point

 

Adaptive radiation

 

Important bio branches

 

STRUCTURE OF NEURON

 

Structure /bonding pattern of DNA

 

SKELETAL MUSCLE ULTRASTRUCTURE

 

Chapter 5 BIOLOGY MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

 

Urine formation mechanism simple notes

 

CHAPTER 4 XI BIO ANIMAL KINGDOM

Interstitial fluid vs plasma vs Lymph

 

Birth control at a glance

 

Eubacteria vs Cyanobacteria

 

Question - Answer

 

MENSTRUAL CYCLE ALL HORMONES AT A GLANCE

 

EVOLUTION VS SPECIATION

 

UMBILICAL CORD VS PLACENTA

 

BOTTLENECK VS FOUNDER EFFECT 2023

 

DESCRIPTION	Bottleneck Effect	Founder Effect
Definition	A sharp reduction in population size, often due to a catastrophic event or intense selection pressure.	A small group of individuals establishes a new population, resulting in reduced genetic diversity.
Cause	Natural disasters, disease outbreaks, human activities, or sudden environmental changes.	Migration, isolation, colonization, or small group formation.
Population Size	Significant reduction in population size, leading to a small surviving population.	Start with a small founding population, which becomes the basis for a new population.
Effects on Allele Frequencies	Random changes in allele frequencies due to genetic drift. Some alleles may be lost or become more prevalent than before.	Limited number of alleles carried by the founding individuals, leading to a skewed representation of the original population's genetic makeup.
Genetic Diversity	Loss of genetic variation due to the limited number of survivors, resulting in decreased diversity and increased genetic drift.	Limited genetic diversity due to the small number of individuals in the founding population.
Examples	The cheetah population reduced drastically, leading to reduced genetic diversity.	One notable example of the founder effect in India is the Parsi community. The Parsis are a small ethnic and religious group that migrated from Persia (modern-day Iran) to the Indian subcontinent around the 8th century. They settled mainly in the region of Gujarat, particularly in the city of Mumbai (formerly Bombay)..

TEST OF CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 – The Living World  

WBC AT A GLANCE SERIES

WBC

COMMON SCIENTIFIC NAMES

 COMMON SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Cytology fundamental part 1

 

Cytology questions

 

1. What is the fundamental unit of life in all living organisms?
2. Define cell. How does the cell theory explain the existence of cells in all living organisms?
3. Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. What are the main components of a cell? Explain the functions of each component.
5. Define cell membrane and its importance in cell functioning.
6. Explain the endomembrane system and its components.
7. What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? Describe its structure and functions.
8. What are plastids? Briefly explain the types and functions of plastids.
9. Describe the structure and functions of mitochondria in a cell.
10. Explain the process of cell division and the significance of mitosis.