OXY haemoglobin curve

 

a short piece of DNA having 20 base pairs,was analysed…..

 

ETS COMPLEXES AND IT’sCOMPONENTS

 

Zwitter ion and isoelectric point

 

Adaptive radiation

 

Important bio branches

 

STRUCTURE OF NEURON

 

Structure /bonding pattern of DNA

 

SKELETAL MUSCLE ULTRASTRUCTURE

 

Chapter 5 BIOLOGY MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

 

Urine formation mechanism simple notes

 

CHAPTER 4 XI BIO ANIMAL KINGDOM

Interstitial fluid vs plasma vs Lymph

 

Birth control at a glance

 

Eubacteria vs Cyanobacteria

 

Question - Answer

 

MENDELIAN TRAITS AND THEIR CHROMOSOME NUMBER

 

MENSTRUAL CYCLE ALL HORMONES AT A GLANCE

 

EVOLUTION VS SPECIATION

 

UMBILICAL CORD VS PLACENTA

 

BOTTLENECK VS FOUNDER EFFECT 2023

 

DESCRIPTION	Bottleneck Effect	Founder Effect
Definition	A sharp reduction in population size, often due to a catastrophic event or intense selection pressure.	A small group of individuals establishes a new population, resulting in reduced genetic diversity.
Cause	Natural disasters, disease outbreaks, human activities, or sudden environmental changes.	Migration, isolation, colonization, or small group formation.
Population Size	Significant reduction in population size, leading to a small surviving population.	Start with a small founding population, which becomes the basis for a new population.
Effects on Allele Frequencies	Random changes in allele frequencies due to genetic drift. Some alleles may be lost or become more prevalent than before.	Limited number of alleles carried by the founding individuals, leading to a skewed representation of the original population's genetic makeup.
Genetic Diversity	Loss of genetic variation due to the limited number of survivors, resulting in decreased diversity and increased genetic drift.	Limited genetic diversity due to the small number of individuals in the founding population.
Examples	The cheetah population reduced drastically, leading to reduced genetic diversity.	One notable example of the founder effect in India is the Parsi community. The Parsis are a small ethnic and religious group that migrated from Persia (modern-day Iran) to the Indian subcontinent around the 8th century. They settled mainly in the region of Gujarat, particularly in the city of Mumbai (formerly Bombay)..

TEST OF CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 – The Living World  

WBC AT A GLANCE SERIES

WBC

COMMON SCIENTIFIC NAMES

 COMMON SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Cytology fundamental part 1

 

Cytology questions

 

1. What is the fundamental unit of life in all living organisms?
2. Define cell. How does the cell theory explain the existence of cells in all living organisms?
3. Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. What are the main components of a cell? Explain the functions of each component.
5. Define cell membrane and its importance in cell functioning.
6. Explain the endomembrane system and its components.
7. What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? Describe its structure and functions.
8. What are plastids? Briefly explain the types and functions of plastids.
9. Describe the structure and functions of mitochondria in a cell.
10. Explain the process of cell division and the significance of mitosis.

All joints ...at a glance

 

Joint Type	Description	Example
Ball-and-Socket	Rounded end of one bone fits into a cup-shaped socket	Shoulder joint
Hinge	Movement limited to a single plane (bending and straightening)	Elbow joint, knee joint
Pivot	Allows rotation around a central axis	Atlas-axis joint (between the first two vertebrae in the neck)
Gliding	Sliding or twisting motion between two flat surfaces	Wrist joint, ankle joint
Saddle	Convex and concave surfaces fit together like a saddle	Thumb joint
Condyloid	Oval-shaped end of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity	Wrist joint
Synovial	Joint surrounded by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid	Most joints in the body, such as the hip, shoulder, and knee
Fibrous	Connected by fibrous connective tissue	Sutures of the skull
Cartilaginous	Connected by cartilage	Intervertebral discs between vertebrae
Fixed/Immovable	No movement allowed	Skull sutures

Biological parameters for NEET

Here are the normal values for some common biological parameters:

Blood sugar (glucose):

Fasting blood glucose: 70-99 mg/dL (3.9-5.5 mmol/L)

Random blood glucose: Less than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)

Hemoglobin (Hb):

Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dL

Female: 12.0-15.5 g/dL

Urea:

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 7-20 mg/dL (2.5-7.1 mmol/L)

Cholesterol:

Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol: Greater than 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) for men, greater than 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) for women

Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)

NATIONAL PARK ..AT A GLANCE

National Park	State	Famous For
Jim Corbett National Park	Uttarakhand	Oldest national park; Bengal tiger population
Kaziranga National Park	Assam	One-horned rhinoceros; significant elephant population
Ranthambore National Park	Rajasthan	Tiger population; ancient ruins
Sunderbans National Park	West Bengal	Largest mangrove forest; Bengal tiger population
Gir Forest National Park	Gujarat	Asiatic lions; successful conservation efforts
Bandhavgarh National Park	Madhya Pradesh	High tiger population density; ancient caves
Kanha National Park	Madhya Pradesh	Scenic beauty; wildlife diversity; inspiration for Jungle Book
Periyar National Park	Kerala	Picturesque lake; elephants and tigers
Sariska Tiger Reserve	Rajasthan	Tiger population; historical ruins
Keoladeo National Park	Rajasthan	UNESCO World Heritage Site; birdwatching paradise